Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heliumatom</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Heliumatom</b> ist ein Atom des <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemischen Elements</a> <a href="Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a>. Es ist zusammengesetzt aus zwei <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a>, die durch die <a href="Elektromagnetische_Wechselwirkung" title="Elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung">elektromagnetische Kraft</a> an den <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Atomkern</a> gebunden sind, der aus zwei <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Protonen</a> und (je nach <a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>) einem oder zwei <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutronen</a> besteht, die durch die <a href="Starke_Wechselwirkung" title="Starke Wechselwirkung">starke Kraft</a> zusammengehalten werden.
</p><p>Anders als für <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> gibt es bislang keine geschlossene Lösung der <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichung</a> für das Heliumatom, d.&nbsp;h. die Energieniveaus lassen sich nicht exakt berechnen. Es gibt jedoch zahlreiche Näherungen, wie die <a href="Hartree-Fock-Methode" title="Hartree-Fock-Methode">Hartree-Fock-Methode</a>, zum Abschätzen der <a href="Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau">Energieniveaus</a> und der <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktion</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften_der_Atomhülle"><span id="Eigenschaften_der_Atomh.C3.BClle"></span>Eigenschaften der Atomhülle</h2></div>
<p>Helium ist im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> das zweite und letzte Element der ersten Periode. Da innerhalb einer Periode die <a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradien</a> mit zunehmender Elektronenzahl abnehmen und Wasserstoff und Helium die einzigen Elemente sind, in denen nur die erste <a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenschale</a> besetzt ist, hat Helium von allen Elementen den kleinsten <a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradius</a> und die höchste <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>.
</p><p>Zwischen Heliumatomen wirken nur <a href="Van-der-Waals-Kr%C3%A4fte" title="Van-der-Waals-Kräfte">Van-der-Waals-Kräfte</a>. Aufgrund der Kleinheit der Atome können die Elektronenhüllen nur sehr geringfügig polarisiert werden. Daher sind die ohnehin sehr schwachen Van-der-Waals-Kräfte im Fall von Helium besonders klein. Dies erklärt den extrem niedrigen <a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a> von 4,2&nbsp;<a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−268,8&nbsp;°C).
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektronenzustände"><span id="Elektronenzust.C3.A4nde"></span>Elektronenzustände</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ortho-_und_Parahelium">Ortho- und Parahelium</h3></div>
<p>Im Grundzustand befinden sich die Elektronen im Zustand 1s<sup>2</sup>, d.&nbsp;h. sie besetzen die beiden einzigen möglichen Zustände mit der <a href="Hauptquantenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptquantenzahl">Hauptquantenzahl</a>&nbsp;1 und dem Bahndrehimpuls&nbsp;0. Die Spins der Elektronen sind antiparallel und addieren sich zum Gesamtspin <i>S</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0 (<a href="Singulett" class="mw-redirect" title="Singulett">Singulett</a>-Zustand <sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>).
</p><p>Der energetisch niedrigste Zustand mit <i>S</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;1 (Triplett-Zustand <sup>3</sup>S<sub>1</sub>) hat die Elektronenstruktur 1s2s und liegt um 19,8&nbsp;eV darüber.
</p><p>Zustände mit <i>S</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0 nennt man Parahelium, solche mit <i>S</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;1 Orthohelium. Übergänge zwischen Ortho- und Parahelium sind stark unterdrückt („<a href="Verbotener_%C3%9Cbergang" title="Verbotener Übergang">verboten</a>“). Der niedrigste Orthohelium-Zustand ist daher vergleichsweise langlebig.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantenmechanische_Beschreibung">Quantenmechanische Beschreibung</h3></div>

<p>Die <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">quantenmechanische</a> Beschreibung des Heliumatoms ist von besonderem Interesse, weil es das einfachste Mehrelektronenatom ist und auch zum Verständnis der <a href="Quantenverschr%C3%A4nkung" title="Quantenverschränkung">Quantenverschränkung</a> benutzt werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der <a href="Hamiltonoperator" title="Hamiltonoperator">Hamiltonoperator</a> für Helium, betrachtet als <a href="Dreik%C3%B6rperproblem" title="Dreikörperproblem">3-Körper-System</a> (bestehend aus zwei Elektronen und dem <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Kern</a>), kann im <a href="Schwerpunktsystem" title="Schwerpunktsystem">Schwerpunktsystem</a> geschrieben werden als
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=\sum _{i=1,2}{\Bigg (}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\mu }}\nabla _{r_{i}}^{2}-{\frac {Ze^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{i}}}{\Bigg )}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{M}}\nabla _{r_{1}}\cdot \nabla _{r_{2}}+{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{12}}},}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=\sum _{i=1,2}{\Bigg (}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\mu }}\nabla _{r_{i}}^{2}-{\frac {Ze^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{i}}}{\Bigg )}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{M}}\nabla _{r_{1}}\cdot \nabla _{r_{2}}+{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{12}}},}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67a420dfee239a07cdcbf25f8da59ea76d55db35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:68.056ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=\sum _{i=1,2}{\Bigg (}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2\mu }}\nabla _{r_{i}}^{2}-{\frac {Ze^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{i}}}{\Bigg )}-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{M}}\nabla _{r_{1}}\cdot \nabla _{r_{2}}+{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{12}}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> die Elektronenmasse, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Kernmasse" title="Kernmasse">Kernmasse</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu ={\tfrac {mM}{m+M}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu ={\tfrac {mM}{m+M}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c203f6022bc306b2b4348553d21e2fc5fede0dc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:9.784ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu ={\tfrac {mM}{m+M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Reduzierte_Masse" title="Reduzierte Masse">reduzierte Masse</a> eines Elektrons in Bezug auf den Kern, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4421c96fc3daff719301b94aa21ef94e2235f871.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Elektron-Kern-Abstands<a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">vektoren</a> sind und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{12}=|{\vec {r_{1}}}-{\vec {r_{2}}}|}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/000f00c1084d4596ab8ed03802c814c343a7f34c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.805ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{12}=|{\vec {r_{1}}}-{\vec {r_{2}}}|}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Die <a href="Kernladungszahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernladungszahl">Kernladungszahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> von Helium beträgt 2. In der Näherung eines unendlich schweren Kerns <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85d57111764dcad6824454a90683185154ad3065.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.864ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b19de11de2a433b4e146cef191a20a9bec7843c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.541ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =m}" loading="lazy"></span>, und der Massen-Polarisations-Term <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar ^{2}}{M}}\nabla _{r_{1}}\cdot \nabla _{r_{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>M</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar ^{2}}{M}}\nabla _{r_{1}}\cdot \nabla _{r_{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/750790ccd698571989e296b49d4d3770caf124b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.764ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar ^{2}}{M}}\nabla _{r_{1}}\cdot \nabla _{r_{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet. In <a href="Atomare_Einheiten" title="Atomare Einheiten">atomaren Einheiten</a> vereinfacht sich der Hamiltonoperator zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla _{r_{1}}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla _{r_{2}}^{2}-{\frac {Z}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {Z}{r_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{r_{12}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>Z</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla _{r_{1}}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla _{r_{2}}^{2}-{\frac {Z}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {Z}{r_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{r_{12}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15273fd5bc1a871cf04ee45269cdab87d8ac5bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:47.882ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla _{r_{1}}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}\nabla _{r_{2}}^{2}-{\frac {Z}{r_{1}}}-{\frac {Z}{r_{2}}}+{\frac {1}{r_{12}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es muss betont werden, dass der zugrundeliegende Raum nicht der gewöhnliche Raum, sondern ein 6-dimensionaler <i>Konfigurationsraum</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b798dccd66ac2f9f7d813283d71f27a7ad2b616.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.785ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
In dieser Näherung (<a href="Pauli-Gleichung" title="Pauli-Gleichung">Pauli-Approximation</a>) ist die Wellenfunktion ein <a href="Spinor" title="Spinor">Spinor</a> zweiter Stufe mit 4 Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{ij}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{ij}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e67a778c58092a0e7f2f03b5aa2a721af0d0367.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.775ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{ij}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei die Indizes
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i,j=\,\uparrow ,\downarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i,j=\,\uparrow ,\downarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0a692b056589504811879571d00c28c286921b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.994ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i,j=\,\uparrow ,\downarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spin</a>-Projektion der Elektronen im gewählten Koordinatensystem darstellen (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung up oder down).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Sie muss die übliche Normierungsbedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{ij}\int d{\vec {r}}_{1}d{\vec {r}}_{2}|\psi _{ij}|^{2}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{ij}\int d{\vec {r}}_{1}d{\vec {r}}_{2}|\psi _{ij}|^{2}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d57adb1d34e7735532cfc57a743364883a27889.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:22.908ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{ij}\int d{\vec {r}}_{1}d{\vec {r}}_{2}|\psi _{ij}|^{2}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllen. Dieser allgemeine Spinor kann als 2×2-<a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}\psi _{\uparrow \uparrow }&amp;\psi _{\uparrow \downarrow }\\\psi _{\downarrow \uparrow }&amp;\psi _{\downarrow \downarrow }\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ -->↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ -->↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ -->↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ -->↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}\psi _{\uparrow \uparrow }&amp;\psi _{\uparrow \downarrow }\\\psi _{\downarrow \uparrow }&amp;\psi _{\downarrow \downarrow }\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06e0790d6425c2dfd907e0529b4f8d95cdb7f3a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.653ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}\psi _{\uparrow \uparrow }&amp;\psi _{\uparrow \downarrow }\\\psi _{\downarrow \uparrow }&amp;\psi _{\downarrow \downarrow }\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt werden und folglich auch
als <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a> einer beliebigen <a href="Basis_(Vektorraum)" title="Basis (Vektorraum)">Basis</a> von vier (im <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> der 2×2-Matrizen) <a href="Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonalen</a> konstanten Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{k}^{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{k}^{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3baf5e5afb684b6fc44b54b0eb3d98c41a521d65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.683ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{k}^{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalaren</a> Koeffizientenfunktionen
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}^{k}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{i}^{k}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b657d98c21f290d43379bbaf39f6032deaa0869.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.259ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{i}^{k}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span> als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\sum _{ik}\phi _{i}^{k}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{k}^{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msubsup>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\sum _{ik}\phi _{i}^{k}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{k}^{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eaa860611fdb85a46be0a4e1fd3cc4bb78801469.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:21.545ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\sum _{ik}\phi _{i}^{k}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{k}^{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Eine geeignete Basis wird gebildet aus einer <a href="Antisymmetrische_Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisymmetrische Matrix">antisymmetrischen</a> Matrix (mit Gesamtspin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ae0fc3192b864f55a46749d8a64e7cf7783d04c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.76ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, entsprechend einem <a href="Singulett-Zustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Singulett-Zustand">Singulett-Zustand</a>)
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\-1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow -\downarrow \uparrow )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ -->↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ -->↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\-1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow -\downarrow \uparrow )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27606b4d3f44dd06a8d4d3c8039850bf06922404.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:31.034ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\-1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow -\downarrow \uparrow )}" loading="lazy"></span> und drei <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrischen</a> Matrizen (mit Gesamtspin <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5e2b58c1aaaf2718fb801e97bf21d1f72726372.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.76ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, entsprechend einem <a href="Triplett-Zustand" class="mw-redirect" title="Triplett-Zustand">Triplett-Zustand</a>)
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{1}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow +\downarrow \uparrow )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ -->↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ -->↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{1}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow +\downarrow \uparrow )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4573c7a6b7321db92c7d888b1fbd6e277f9b66ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.756ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{1}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\uparrow \downarrow +\downarrow \uparrow )}" loading="lazy"></span>,
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{1}^{1}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\;\uparrow \uparrow ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ -->↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{1}^{1}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\;\uparrow \uparrow ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c957db87b685ec66e56510a4c603ec624d66490.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.116ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{1}^{1}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\;\uparrow \uparrow ,}" loading="lazy"></span>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{-1}^{1}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\;\downarrow \downarrow .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ -->↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{-1}^{1}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\;\downarrow \downarrow .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/785d225d8aabf1f081855006642c40d4d989dbab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:18.395ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{-1}^{1}={\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}=\;\downarrow \downarrow .}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Es ist leicht zu zeigen, dass der Singulett-Zustand <a href="Invariante_(Mathematik)" title="Invariante (Mathematik)">invariant</a> unter allen <a href="Drehung" title="Drehung">Drehungen</a> ist (eine skalare Größe), während das Triplett auf einen gewöhnlichen Raumvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\sigma _{x},\sigma _{y},\sigma _{z})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\sigma _{x},\sigma _{y},\sigma _{z})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d993dce0df7a03512e7138127aeb449a27809c7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.083ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\sigma _{x},\sigma _{y},\sigma _{z})}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den drei Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;-1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;-1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88fcf9f5f6977cc88df9fc0a15606d01635ad8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.203ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{x}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;-1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{y}={\tfrac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>i</mi>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{y}={\tfrac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/088d5e2877153c5ce5cd24f5555d28ba9fcd0424.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.801ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{y}={\tfrac {i}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}1&amp;0\\0&amp;1\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{z}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{z}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63658f135072d4124e77c8e15003caf06d4222ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.753ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{z}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}0&amp;1\\1&amp;0\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}}" loading="lazy"></span> abgebildet werden kann.
</p><p>Da im obigen (skalaren) Hamiltonian alle Spinwechselwirkungsterme zwischen den vier Komponenten von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7482208ebcc9b05c4c3bfec994cf25901c1f6c8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.762ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}}" loading="lazy"></span> vernachlässigt werden (z.&nbsp;B. ein externes <a href="Magnetfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetfeld">Magnetfeld</a>, oder <a href="Relativistischer_Effekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistischer Effekt">relativistische Effekte</a> wie <a href="Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung">Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkungen</a>), können die vier <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichungen</a> unabhängig voneinander gelöst werden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der Spin kommt hier nur ins Spiel durch das <a href="Pauli-Prinzip" title="Pauli-Prinzip">Pauli-Prinzip</a>, das für <a href="Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermionen</a> (wie Elektronen) die Antisymmetrie bei <i>simultaner Vertauschung von Spin und Koordinaten</i> fordert, also:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{ij}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-{\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{ji}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{ij}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-{\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{ji}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6ec40ef82961397a1c54c4926b6f11307d69611.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:26.954ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{ij}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-{\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{ji}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><i>Parahelium</i> ist damit der Singulett-Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cd76d606797a9443acf2ab252dd4078facc57aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.733ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer <i>symmetrischen</i> Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=\phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=\phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/262e21bd3c96bab8ef3c6aec3a9645fca6ed8712.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.548ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=\phi _{0}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <i>Orthohelium</i> ist der Triplett-Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{m}=\phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{m}^{1},\;m=-1,0,1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{m}=\phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{m}^{1},\;m=-1,0,1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7832ee028ffb85a97094036fb454a192a5b4482.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.211ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}_{m}=\phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{m}^{1},\;m=-1,0,1}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer <i>antisymmetrischen</i> Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-\phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-\phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/667083f35ec0f96783c18d35d0f0f3963ca61e29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.356ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})=-\phi _{1}({\vec {r}}_{2},\,{\vec {r}}_{1})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wenn der Elektron-Elektron-Wechselwirkungsterm ignoriert wird (als erste Näherung), können beide Funktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{x},\;x=0,1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{x},\;x=0,1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd65672cc9415e08779a9bbfda9f2df532706190.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.024ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{x},\;x=0,1}" loading="lazy"></span> als Linearkombinationen von zwei beliebigen (<a href="Orthonormalit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonormalität">orthogonalen und normierten</a>) Ein-Elektron-<a href="Eigenfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenfunktion">Eigenfunktionen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a},\varphi _{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{a},\varphi _{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc6f0308513a2d6a2df4507509433cf3d3d384f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.114ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a},\varphi _{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> geschrieben werden:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{x}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{2})\pm \varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{2})\varphi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{1}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{x}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{2})\pm \varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{2})\varphi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{1}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6279a8fe288b19f2ccbe4704ad7c2ae3689f84c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:39.839ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{x}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{2})\pm \varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{2})\varphi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{1}))}" loading="lazy"></span> oder für die Sonderfälle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3404ccf7f009be89dabab657a615f2b587a2c074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.178ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> (beide Elektronen haben identische Quantenzahlen, nur für Parahelium): <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{0}=\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{0}=\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/633b699a05c5f1f04ace9529a2188b68beb8985b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.955ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{0}=\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Gesamtenergie (als <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwert</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>) ist dann in allen Fällen gleich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=E_{a}+E_{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=E_{a}+E_{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a2942823dc64553c53fd0081dcfc377fb828a2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.184ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=E_{a}+E_{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> (unabhängig von der Symmetrie).
</p><p>Das erklärt das Fehlen des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1^{3}\mathrm {S} _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1^{3}\mathrm {S} _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a319c1b9292fb7a08e6880f1683c7631a72f4800.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.563ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1^{3}\mathrm {S} _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Zustand_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Zustand (Quantenmechanik)">Zustands</a> (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{b}=\varphi _{1s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{b}=\varphi _{1s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72539553e92cae8cecbe7125a7cbf79a502dabca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.622ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{b}=\varphi _{1s}}" loading="lazy"></span>) für Orthohelium, wo folglich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{3}S_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{3}S_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8df642b2b69070c095dbd4bcc6e2539794e23ee5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.696ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{3}S_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{1s},\varphi _{b}=\varphi _{2s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{1s},\varphi _{b}=\varphi _{2s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98860118b2a503da35f50b253f1d8f6903f2127b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.002ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{a}=\varphi _{1s},\varphi _{b}=\varphi _{2s}}" loading="lazy"></span>) der <a href="Metastabilit%C3%A4t" title="Metastabilität">metastabile</a> Grundzustand ist.
(Ein Zustand mit den <a href="Quantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">Quantenzahlen</a>: <a href="Hauptquantenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptquantenzahl">Hauptquantenzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesamtdrehimpulsquantenzahl">Gesamtspin</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Drehimpulsquantenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulsquantenzahl">Drehimpulsquantenzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> und <a href="Gesamtdrehimpuls" title="Gesamtdrehimpuls">Gesamtdrehimpuls</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J=|L-S|\dots L+S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J=|L-S|\dots L+S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1ffc7860f11f178006a3272e8e9cd7fb222e423.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.206ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J=|L-S|\dots L+S}" loading="lazy"></span> wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba4eec484e698de1419f2c7f938c7a070e0d19cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.465ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n^{2S+1}L_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.)
</p><p>Wenn der Elektron-Elektron-Wechselwirkungsterm <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{r_{12}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{r_{12}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b54a444bc25086cef05ce62e56db86207b29455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.077ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{r_{12}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> einbezogen wird, ist die Schrödingergleichung nicht <a href="Separabilit%C3%A4t_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Separabilität (Quantenmechanik)">separabel</a>. Aber auch dann, wenn er vernachlässigt wird, können alle oben beschriebenen Zustände (sogar mit zwei identischen Quantenzahlen, wie
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1^{1}\mathrm {S} _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1^{1}\mathrm {S} _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ac96dad74c8d03ada465676541fa9bee6547939.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.563ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1^{1}\mathrm {S} _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\varphi _{1s}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{1s}({\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold-italic">σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\varphi _{1s}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{1s}({\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11e7147d19ac658d0d982d9164494e925221288f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.373ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\psi }}=\varphi _{1s}({\vec {r}}_{1})\varphi _{1s}({\vec {r}}_{2}){\boldsymbol {\sigma }}_{0}^{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>) nicht als Produkt von Ein-Elektron-Wellenfunktionen geschrieben werden:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{ik}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})\neq \chi _{i}({\vec {r}}_{1})\xi _{k}({\vec {r}}_{2})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{ik}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})\neq \chi _{i}({\vec {r}}_{1})\xi _{k}({\vec {r}}_{2})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6ce952746d240fb5ec8ffeacd78ba12d1229a2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.588ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{ik}({\vec {r}}_{1},\,{\vec {r}}_{2})\neq \chi _{i}({\vec {r}}_{1})\xi _{k}({\vec {r}}_{2})}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;– die Wellenfunktion ist <a href="Quantenverschr%C3%A4nkung" title="Quantenverschränkung">verschränkt</a>.
Man kann nicht sagen, Teilchen 1 ist in <i>Zustand&nbsp;1</i> und das andere in <i>Zustand&nbsp;2;</i> und man kann keine Messungen an einem Teilchen ausführen, ohne das andere zu beeinflussen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Heliumatom" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Heliumatom">Wiktionary: Heliumatom</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiversity"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/en:The_periodic_table/Helium" class="extiw external" title="v:en:The periodic table/Helium">Wikiversity: Helium – Periodensystem</a></b>&nbsp;– Kursmaterialien (englisch)</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a>: <i>Quantenmechanik, Sechs mögliche Welten und weitere Artikel</i>. de Gruyter, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-044790-3, S. 42, 65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Rennert, H. Schmiedel, C. Weißmantel: <i>Kleine Enzyklopädie Physik.</i> VEB Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1988, S. 192–194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifschitz: <i>Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik.</i> Band III: <i>Quantenmechanik.</i> Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1971, Kap. IX, S. 218.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4159505-1">4159505-1</a></span> </div>
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